Teams of researchers at NUST are testing 16L and 10L aerial spraying units for effectiveness, efficiency, and efficacy across a variety of crops. Locally assembled with imported hardware, these drones can take off, land, and fly manually, via GPS, or fully autonomously along a pre-defined path set through a mobile app. They have been tested for spraying nutrients, pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides on cotton, sugarcane, citrus, guava, and maize crops, as well as clearing wild weeds before construction — delivering satisfactory results across the board, with standout performance on maize and sugarcane.